2023年英語六級閱讀理解試題庫及答案(11-12)

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2023年英語六級閱讀理解試題庫及答案(11)

　　In the 1962 movie Lawrence of Arabia, one scene shows an American newspaper reporter eagerly snapping photos of men looting a sabotaged train. One of the looters, Chief Auda abu Tayi of the Howeitat clan, suddenly notices the camera and snatches it. "Am I in this?" he asks, before smashing it open. To the dismayed reporter, Lawrence explains, "He thinks these things will steal his virtue. He thinks you're a kind of thief."

　　As soon as colonizers and explorers began taking cameras into distant lands, stories began circulating about how indigenous peoples saw them as tools for black magic. The "ignorant natives" may have had a point. When photography first became available, scientists welcomed it as a more objective way of recording faraway societies than early travelers' exaggerated accounts. But in some ways, anthropological photographs reveal more about the culture that holds the camera than the one that stares back. Up into the 1950s and 1960s, many ethnographers sought "pure" pictures of "primitive" cultures, routinely deleting modern accoutrements such as clocks and Western dress. They paid men and women to re-enact rituals or to pose as members of war or hunting parties, often with little regard for veracity. Edward Curtis, the legendary photographer of North American Indians, for example, got one Makah man to pose as a whaler with a spear in 1915--even though the Makah had not hunted whales in a generation.

　　These photographs reinforced widely accepted stereotypes that indigenous cultures were isolated, primitive, and unchanging. For instance, National Geographic magazine's photographs have taught millions of Americans about other cultures. As Catherine Lutz and Jane Collins point out in their 1993 book Reading National Geographic, the magazine since its founding in 1888 has kept a tradition of presenting beautiful photos that don't challenge white, middle-class American conventions. While dark-skinned women can be shown without tops, for example, white women's breasts are taboo. Photos that could unsettle or disturb, such as areas of the world torn asunder by war or famine, are discarded in favor of those that reassure, to conform with the society's stated pledge to present only "kindly" visions of foreign societies. The result, Lutz and Collins say, is the depiction of "an idealized and exotic world relatively free of pain or class conflict."

　　Lutz actually likes National Geographic a lot. She read the magazine as a child, and its lush imagery influenced her eventual choice of anthropology as a career. She just thinks that as people look at the photographs of other cultures, they should be alert to the choice of composition and images.

　　練習題

　　1. The main idea of the passage is ______________.

　　[A] Photographs taken by Western explorers reflect more Westerners’ perception of the indigenous cultures and the Western values.

　　[B] There is a complicated relationship between the Western explorers and the primitive peoples.

　　[C] Popular magazines such as National Geographic should show pictures of the exotic and idealized worlds to maintain high sales.

　　[D] Anthropologists ask the natives to pose for their pictures, compromising the truthfulness of their pictures.

　　2. We can infer from the passage that early travelers to the native lands often _________.

　　[A] took pictures with the natives

　　[B] gave exaggerated accounts of the native lands

　　[C] ask for pictures from the natives

　　[D] gave the natives clocks and Western dresses

　　3. The author mentions the movie Lawrence of Arabia to ___________.

　　[A] show how people in the indigenous societies are portrayed by Westerners.

　　[B] illustrate how people from primitive societies see cameras as tools of black magic that steal their virtues.

　　[C] show how anthropologists portray untruthful pictures of native people.

　　[D] show the cruel and barbarian side of the native people.

　　4. “But in some ways, anthropological photographs reveal more about the culture that holds the camera than the one that stares back.” In this sentence, the “one [culture] that stares back” refers to _______.

　　[A] the indigenous culture

　　[B] the Western culture

　　[C] the academic culture

　　[D] the news business culture

　　5. With which of the following statements would Cat

　　herine Lutz most probably agree?

　　[A] Reporters from the Western societies should routinely delete modern elements in pictures taken of the indigenous societies.

　　[B] The primitive cultures are inferior to the more advanced Western culture.

　　[C] The western media are not presenting a realistic picture of the faraway societies.

　　[D] People in the Western news business should try not to challenge the well-established white middle-class values.

　　答案及解析

　　1. 答案是[A] Photographs taken by Western explorers reflect more Westerners’ perception of the indigenous cultures and the Western values.

　　解析：本文的主題是，西方的媒體，為了迎合西方讀者獵奇的心理，同時，為了不與西方讀者的中產階級價值觀發生沖突，在他們拍攝的照片中，并不是真正客觀公正地反映經濟發展水平較為落后的社會中人們的生活。他們經常有意刪除照片中反映西方文明烙印的成分，甚至擺布照片中的主人公，以描繪出一個西方讀者想象中的，經濟不發達的，有異域風情的，沒有痛苦和階級斗爭的經濟落后社會的畫面。他們甚至避免刊登那些反映饑荒，戰爭，災害的照片，以滿足西方媒體“只刊登外國社會美好一面的照片”的默契。

　　2. 答案是[B] gave exaggerated accounts of the native lands

　　解析：文章第二段說，When photography first became available, scientists welcomed it as a more objective way of recording faraway societies than early travelers' exaggerated accounts.可見早期到原始社會旅行回來的人往往對當地的情況夸大其詞。在照相機發明之后，科學家能更好地客觀反映那些遠方地區的真實情況。

　　3. 答案是[B] illustrate how people from primitive societies see cameras as tools of black magic that steal their virtues.

　　解析：文章的第一段介紹的是著名的1962年獲得7項奧斯卡大獎的電影《阿拉伯的勞倫斯》(導演：DAVID LEAN)中的一個片段。該電影本來與作者要講的題目并無直接關系。作者僅僅通過一個電影中描述的場景來說明一個論點。那就是比較原始，開化較晚的社會，那里的人們對現代的文明，和從沒見過的現代文明的產物容易產生誤解。電影中的土著搶走了LAWRENCE的照相機，因為他懷疑，那從未見過的玩意兒會偷走他的“美好品德(VIRTUE)”。但是，作者在下文說，那些土著居民的擔心并非全無道理。因為西方的記者和學者們，為了描繪一個西方人心目中固有的土著社會(或者經濟發展欠發達社會)的形象，故意篡改照片，滿足西方讀者的好奇心，并且有意迎合西方中產階級的趣味。在短文中，作者有時候并不開宗明義，直奔主題，而是利用人們都熟悉的文化元素，例如詩歌，書籍，電影，歌曲等，引起讀者對其討論話題的興趣，然后再引入主題。并不是每一篇文章都會開門見山，讀者不應該把每篇文章的首尾句都當成對文章大意的總結。

　　4. 答案是[A] the indigenous culture

　　解析：But in some ways, anthropological photographs reveal more about the culture that holds the camera than the one that stares back.本句是文章切入主題的重點句。考生應該格外注意在閱讀文章靠前部分出現的，以轉折詞(例如，HOWEVER， BUT，NEVERTHELESS， NONETHELESS等)開頭的句子。那往往是作者敘述傳統論點，或者普遍看法的關鍵地方。本句可以理解為：但是，在某些方面，人類學家拍攝的照片展現的與其說是那個盯視著照相機的(被拍攝的)文化，不如說是反映了拿著照相機的(西方)文化。作者暗示，照片反映了西方攝影者的偏見和對落后文化固有的看法，反映的是西方的價值觀，并不是完全真實客觀的那些不發達社會的寫照。這句話基本上是對文章中心意思的總結。如果對文章的主題有大致的認識，就不會將本題選錯。

　　5. 答案是[C] The western media are not presenting a realistic picture of the faraway societies.

　　解析：Catherine Lutz是文章中提到的1993年出版的READING NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC的作者之一。她們在書中寫道，《國家地理》雜志自從1888年創刊以來，就一直刊登那些不和美國中產階級白人的價值觀發生沖突的照片。照片中可以表現袒露胸部的黑色皮膚的婦女，但是白人婦女的胸部就是禁止刊登的對象。她們認為，這樣做的后果就是，在那些西方主流雜志中展現的，似乎是相對而言沒有痛苦的，也不存在階級斗爭的社會。因此答案C The western media are not presenting a realistic picture of the faraway societies(西方媒體并沒有展現落后地區的真實畫面)最能表現該作者的觀點。

2023年英語六級閱讀理解試題庫及答案(12)

　　The British Medical Journal recently featured a strong response to what was judged an inappropriately lenient reaction by a medical school to a student cheating in an examination. Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validity.

　　There is general agreement that there should be zero tolerance of cheating in a profession based on trust and one on which human lives depend. It is reasonable to assume that cheaters in medical school will be more likely than others to continue to act dishonestly with patients, colleagues, insurers, and government.

　　The behaviours under question are multifactorial in origin. There are familial, religious, and cultural values that are acquired long before medical school. For example, countries, cultures, and subcultures exist where bribes and dishonest behaviour are almost a norm. There are secondary schools in which neither staff nor students tolerate cheating and others where cheating is rampant; there are homes which imbue young people with high standards of ethical behaviour and others which leave ethical training to the harmful influence of television and the market place.

　　Medical schools reflect society and cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society. The selection proce

　　ss of medical students might be expected to favour candidates with integrity and positive ethical behaviour—if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance. Medical schools should be the major focus of attention for imbuing future doctors with integrity and ethical sensitivity. Unfortunately there are troubling, if inconclusive, data that suggest that during medical school the ethical behaviour of medical students does not necessarily improve; indeed, moral development may actually stop or even regress.

　　The creation of a pervasive institutional culture of integrity is essential. It is critical that the academic and clinical leaders of the institution set a personal example of integrity. Medical schools must make their institutional position and their expectations of students absolutely clear from day one. The development of a school's culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing. Moreover, the school's examination system and general treatment of students must be perceived as fair. Finally, the treatment of infractions must be firm, fair, transparent, and consistent.

　　練習題

　　1. What does the author say about cheating in medical schools?

　　[A] Extensive research has been done about this phenomenon.

　　[B] We have sufficient data to prove that prevention is feasible.

　　[C] We are safe to conclude that this phenomenon exists on a grand scale.

　　[D] Reliable data about the extent, prevention and management of the phenomenon is lacking.

　　2. According to the author, it is important to prevent cheating in medical schools because ____________.

　　[A] The medical profession is based on trust.

　　[B] There is zero tolerance of cheating in medicine.

　　[C] The medical profession depends on the government.

　　[D] Cheating exists extensively in medical schools.

　　3. What does the author say about the cause(s) of cheating?

　　[A] Family, culture and society play an active part.

　　[B] Bad school environment is the leading cause of student cheating.

　　[C] Parents are always to blame for their children’s cheating behaviour.

　　[D] Cheating exists primarily because students learn bad things from TV.

　　4. According to the author, what precautions should medical schools take to prevent students from cheating?

　　[A] Medical schools should establish a firm moral standard to weed out applicants with low integrity.

　　[B] Medical schools should make efforts to remedy the ills of a society.

　　[C] Medical schools should teach future doctors integrity and ethical values.

　　[D] There is nothing medical schools can do to improve the ethical behaviour of their students.

　　5. The author will probably agree with which of the following statements?

　　[A] Medical schools should make exams easier for the students to alleviate the fierce competition.

　　[B] Prominent figures in the medical institution should create a set of moral standards to be applied in medical schools.

　　[C] Medical students should play an active role in the creation and preservation of a culture of integrity.

　　[D] Those students who cheat in the exams should be instantly expelled from school.

　　答案及解析

　　1. 答案是[D] Reliable data about the extent, prevention and management of the phenomenon is lacking.

　　解析：文章第一段說，Although we have insufficient reliable data about the extent of this phenomenon, its prevention, or its effective management, much can be concluded and acted upon on the basis of common sense and concepts with face validity.可見，到目前為止，我們還不很了解醫學院作弊現象的嚴重程度，也不甚明了如何對該類現象進行預防和管理。既然目前所掌握的DATA是insufficient(不充足的)，那么[A][B][C]所說的都不符合文章的原意，故均為錯誤選項。只有[D]的敘述正確。

　　2. 答案是[A] The medical profession is based on trust.

　　解析：作者在第二段說，人們一致認為，醫學的基礎就是誠信。在醫學院就作弊的學生通常比其他人更容易做出欺騙病人，同事，和政府的事情。因此，醫學以誠信為本的性質就決定了， 對醫學院的作弊行為應該堅決打擊。[B]項說的是打擊作弊行為的結果，而不是原因。[C]醫學依靠政府，[D]醫學院中作弊行為普遍存在，都不符合文章內容。

　　3. 答案是[A] Family, culture and society play an active part.

　　解析：[A]的內容符合文章的原意。作者在討論作弊現象的根源時，結論是，作弊現象存在，原因是多方面的。學生在上醫學院之前受到的家庭，社會和文化的熏陶在很大程度上決定他們是否會在考試中作弊。也就是選項[A]的內容。[B][C][D]的說法雖然都有道理，但是都過于絕對。學校的環境，家長的教育，電視的影響，雖然都起一定作用，但是都不能說是決定性的。Leading，always，primarily之類的用詞決定了它們都不是最佳選項。

　　4. 答案是[C] Medical schools should teach future doctors integrity and ethical values.

　　解析：[A]“醫學院應該確立明確道德標準，淘汰道德素質低下的申請者”是錯誤選項。因為文章談到如何甄別申請醫學院學生的道德素質的時候，作者用的是虛擬語氣have的過去式had(if one had a reliable method for detecting such characteristics in advance)：如果能有可靠的標準，能預先了解學生的道德水平，醫學院在錄取的時候應該照顧那些恪守道德準則的學生。可見目前并沒有這樣的標準可循。[B] Medical schools should make efforts to remedy the ills of a society.和文章的內容相反。因為文章明確地說Medical schools...cannot be expected to remedy all the ills of a society.[C]項錯，因為文章的本意是，醫學院的學生在學期間，道德素質不僅不會提高，而且可能下降(regress)。但是作者并沒有說，醫學院在提高學生素質方面無計可施，而是敦促學校采取相應措施，imbuing future doctors with integrity and ethical sensitivity，(增強未來的醫師們的道德感)。

　　5. 答案是[C] Medical students should play an active role in the creation and preservation of a culture of integrity.

　　解析：[C]項和文章最后一段的The development of a school's culture of integrity requires a partnership with the students in which they play an active role in its creation and nurturing相呼應。[A]錯，因為作者沒有建議醫(轉載自中國教育文摘http://www.edUzhai.net，請保留此標記。)學院應該降低考試難度。[B]的敘述不準確，因為作者的本意是醫學界的要人應該樹立楷模，而不是讓他們設定一套人人遵循的行規。[D]錯，作者僅提議醫學院對有違反道德準則學生的處罰應該是堅決，公正，透明和統一的。作者并沒有明確倡議一旦有作弊行為就將其開除出校。

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